Bougtob is the capital of the Bougtob district in the
El Bayadh Province, Algeria. Bougtob is home to most of the
district's population. In 1998 the population of the district was 23,269. The town lies in the northwest portion of Algeria approximetly 56 miles south of
Saïda, Algeria along rout N6, west of the
Saharien Atlas Mountains.
[1]
1082 - 1145: Presence of Almoravids. In 1145, Tashfin ibn Ali perished in the outskirts of Oran while trying to flee the besieging Almohad troops, who had already captured Tlemcen, and defeated the Zenata.
1145 - 1238: Presence of Almohad. 1147 marked the beginning of a period of persecution of Oran's Jews.
1238 - 1509: Presence of the Zianides of Tlemcen and then the Marinid dynasty of Fes. The Oranians grew rich from protection by the Emir, the customs system (tariffs), trade with Marseilles, and the Italian Maritime Republics of Genoa and Venice, with whom, in 1250, Oran signed a commercial treaty for 40 years. Toward the end of the 14th century, celebrated Arab historian Ibn Khaldoun wrote, "Oran is superior to all other cities by its trade. It's a paradise for the unhappy one. Those who arrive poor in its walls, will leave it again rich." The city excelled in the export of lead, wool, skins, fine burnous, carpets, haïks, cumin, nuts, and galls, as well as black African slaves.[4]
1000s: Almoravids (1040-1147) from Morocco conquered much of northwest Africa, across to Algeria and up into Spain.
In 1080, Almoravids conquered the kingdom of Tlemcen and founded the present city of that name, his rule extending as far east as Oran.[5]
1790: Earthquake struck Oran, destroyed most of the town; 3,000 people buried by rubble.
1797: French ordered wheat from Algiers, wheat was delivered but never paid as French considered the interest rates to be usurious.
1700 - 1899
1801 - 1805: First Barbary War fought between United States and Barbary States.[6]
Barbary corsairs and crews from the North African Ottoman provinces of Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and the independent Sultanate of Morocco under the Alaouite dynasty (the Barbary Coast) would Capture merchant ships and enslaving or ransoming their crews to provid the Muslim rulers of these nations with wealth and naval power. The Roman Catholic Trinitarian Order, or order of "Mathurins", had operated from France for centuries with the special mission of collecting and disbursing funds for the relief and ransom of prisoners of Mediterranean pirates. According to Robert Davis, between 1 and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves between the 16th and 19th centuries.
1803, October: Tripoli's fleet captured USS Philadelphia intact after the frigate ran aground on a reef while patrolling Tripoli harbor.
1803, February 16: Lieutenant Stephen Decatur led a small detachment of U.S. Marines aboard the captured Tripolitan ketch rechristened USS Intrepid, thus deceiving the guards on Philadelphia to float close enough to board her. Decatur's men stormed the ship and overpowered the Tripolitan sailors. With fire support from the American warships, the Marines set fire to Philadelphia.
1805, April-May: A force of eight Marines and five hundred mercenaries, led by ex-consul William Eaton, a former Army captain, and US Marine Corps 1st Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon, capture the Tripolitan city of Derna (see the Battle of Derna (1805)).
1815: Second Barbary War fought between USA and Tripoli, Tunis and Algeria, ended piracy in the Barbary States region.
1830: France invaded Algeria; Ottoman officials were exiled.
1834: French appointed governor-general for Algeria, began colonization and settlement.
1881: Departments of Algiers, Oran and Constantine incorporated into metropolitan France.
1889: French citizenship granted to all Europeans born in Algeria.
1900 - 1999
1902, January 30: Japan signs the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. The alliance was renewed and extended in scope in 1905 and 1911, before its demise in 1921. It was officially terminated in 1923.
Allied (Entente) Powers
France, British Empire, Russia (1914-17), Italy (1915-18), United States (1917-18), Romania (1916-18), Japan, Serbia, Belgium, Greece (1917-18) and others
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria (1915-18)
1918, March 3: Russia and Germany sign an armistice at Brest-Litovsk.
1918, November 11: Armistice Day. At the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, Germany signs an armistice with the Allies. The war is officially over. More than 8.5 million have been killed and over twice as many wounded from across the globe. New technology has been created, America has risen to prominence as an economic power and new countries are forming in Europe and the Middle East.
1934: Rioters attacked Jewish shops, homes in Constantine, 27 killed, 29 injured.
1935, October 3; The Second Italo-Abyssinian War. Italian armed forces from Eritrea invaded Ethiopia without a declaration of war. In response Ethiopia declares war on Italy. On October 7, the League of Nations declared Italy to be the aggressor, and started the slow process of imposing limited sanctions on Italy.
1938: Ferhat Abbas formed Union Populaire Algerienne (Algerian Popular Union), called for equal rights for Algerian Muslims, preservation of native culture.
1939: France declared war on Germany; 350,000 from French North Africa mobilized.
1940, June 17: The British ocean liner,
RMS Lancastria, requisitioned by the UK Government during the Second World War was sunk
during Operation Aerial
off the cost of Saint-Nazaire, France. At the time of the sinking, there were an estimated 4,000 to 9,000
British military personal and forty civilian refugees, including embassy staff and employees of
Fairey Aviation Company of Belgium with their
families aboard the ship when the ship was struck by 3 to 4 bombs and quickly capsizes and sinks. Estimates of the death toll vary from fewer than 3,000 to 5,800 people to as many as 6,500 people, the largest loss of life in British maritime history.
[Ref]
The estimated number of people that perished during World War II is 70 to 85 million. This was about 3 % of the world’s population in 1940. (Estimated to be 2.3 billion).
This makes World War II the deadliest military conflict in history.
[Ref 1][Ref 2]
1946: Ferhat Abbas formed Union Democratique du Manifeste Algerian (Democratic Union of Algerian Manifesto), called for creation of independent Algeria, rather than province of France.
1954, November 1: National Liberation Front (FLN) maquisards (guerrillas) attacked military and civilian targets throughout Algeria in what became known as the Toussaint Rouge.[7]
1954: Guerrilla attacks in Aures Mountains started the struggle for Algeria's independence.
1954: 450,000 French troops deployed to Algeria to combat the Algerian liberation forces.
1963: Following referendum on the constitution, Ahmed Ben Bella became president.
1965: Ahmed Ben Bella's government was overthrown by former ally and defense minister, Colonel Houari Boumediene and Revolutionary Council; pledged to end corruption in government.
1969: Algeria and Tunisia settled border dispute, signed friendship treaty.
1971: Houari Boumediene nationalized oil industry, redistributed foreign and state-owned lands, reallocated private lands, introduced national health service.
1976: Houari Boumediene introduces a new constitution which confirms commitment to socialism and role of the National Liberation Front (FLN) as the sole political party. Islam is recognised as state religion.
1976, December: Houari Boumediene is elected president and is instrumental in launching a program of rapid industrialization.
1986: Rising inflation and unemployment, exacerbated by the collapse of oil and gas prices lead to a wave of strikes and violent demonstrations.
1988: Serious rioting against economic conditions.
1989: The National People's Assembly revokes the ban on new political parties and adopts a new electoral law allowing opposition parties to contest future elections.
1990: The FIS wins 55 per cent of the vote in local elections.
1991: Government announces parliamentary elections in June 1991 and plans changes to electoral system including restrictions on campaigning in mosques. FIS reacts by calling general strike. State of siege declared, elections postponed. FIS leaders Abassi Madani and Ali Belhadj arrested and jailed.
1991, December: In the first round of general elections the FIS wins 188 seats outright, and seems virtually certain to obtain an absolute majority in the second round.
1992, January 4: The National People's Assembly is dissolved by presidential decree and on 11 January President Chadli Bendjedid, apparently under pressure from the military leadership, resigns. A five-member Higher State Council, chaired by Mohamed Boudiaf, takes over. Street gatherings banned, violent clashes break out on 8 and 9 February between FIS supporters and security forces. A state of emergency is declared, the FIS is ordered to disband and all 411 FIS-controlled local and regional authorities are dissolved.
1992, June 29: Mohamed Boudiaf assassinated by a member of his bodyguard with alleged Islamist links. Violence increases and the Armed Islamic Group (GIA) emerges as the main group behind these operations.
1994: Liamine Zeroual, a retired army colonel, is appointed chairman of the Higher State Council.
1995: Liamine Zeroual wins a five-year term as president of the republic with a comfortable majority.
1996: Liamine Zeroual constitutional changes approved in a referendum by over 85 per cent of voters.
1997: Parliamentary elections won by the newly-created Democratic National Rally, followed by the moderate Islamic party, Movement of Society for Peace.
1998: President Liamine Zeroual announces his intention to cut short his term and hold early presidential elections.
1999: Former Foreign Minister Bouteflika elected as president after all opposition candidates withdraw from race, saying there were inadequate guarantees of fair and transparent elections.
1999: Referendum approves Bouteflika's law on civil concord, the result of long and largely secret negotiations with the armed wing of the FIS, the Islamic Salvation Army (AIS). Thousands of members of the AIS and other armed groups are pardoned.
2000 - present
2000: Attacks on civilians and security forces continue, and are thought to be the work of small groups still opposed to the civil concord. Violence is estimated to have claimed over 100,000 lives in Algeria since 1992.
2001, April - May: Scores of demonstrators are killed in violent clashes between security forces and Berber protesters in the mainly Berber region of Kabylie following the death of a teenager in police custody.
2001, May: The mainly Berber party, the Rally for Culture and Democracy, withdraws from the government in protest against the authorities' handling of riots in Kabylie.
2001, October: Government agrees to give the Berber language official status, as part of a package of concessions.
2001, November: Several hundred people are killed as floods hit Algiers.
2002, March: President Bouteflika says the Berber language, Tamazight, is to be recognized as a national language.
2002 June: Prime Minister Ali Benflis'sNational Liberation Front (FLN) wins general elections marred by violence and a low turnout. They are boycotted as a sham by four parties: two of which represent Berbers.
2003, May 21: More than 2,000 people are killed and thousands are injured by a powerful earthquake in the north. The worst-hit areas are east of Algiers.
2004, April: President Bouteflika is re-elected to a second term in a landslide poll victory.
2005, January: Authorities announce the arrest of rebel Armed Islamic Group (GIA) head Nourredine Boudiafi and the killing of his deputy and declare the group to be virtually dismantled. Government makes deal with Berber leaders, promising more investment in Kabylie region and greater recognition for Tamazight language.
2005, March: Government-commissioned report says security forces were responsible for the disappearances of more than 6,000 citizens during the 1990s civil conflict.
2005, September: Reconciliation referendum: Voters back government plans to amnesty many of those involved in post-1992 killings.
2005, November: Opposition parties keep their majority in local elections in the mainly-Berber Kabylie region, held as part of a reconciliation process.
2006 March: Six-month amnesty begins, under which fugitive militants who surrender will be pardoned, except for the most serious of crimes. The authorities free a first batch of jailed Islamic militants.
2006, May: Algeria is to pay back all of its $8bn debt to the Paris Club group of rich creditor nations, in a move seen as reflecting its economic recovery.
2006, September: Leader of the banned Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) Rabah Kebir returns from self-imposed exile and urges rebels still fighting the state to disarm.
2006, December: Roadside bomb hits a bus carrying staff of a US oil firm, killing one man. The Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) claims responsibility.
2007, March-April: Army steps up offensive against Islamist militants to stamp out a surge in attacks.
2007, April: Thirty-three people are killed in two bomb blasts in Algiers - one the prime minister's office. al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb claims responsibility.
2007, May: Parliamentary elections: dozens are killed in the run-up, in a wave of fighting between the military and armed groups. Pro-government parties retain their absolute majority in parliament.
2007, July: A suicide bomber targets a military barracks near Bouira, killing at least nine people.
2007, September: At least 50 people are killed in a series of bombings. al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb claims responsibility for the attacks. Al-Qaeda's second-in-command Ayman al-Zawahiri urges north Africa's Muslims to ''cleanse'' their land of Spaniards and French.
2007, December: Double car bombing in Algiers hits a UN building and a bus full of students, killing dozens of people.
2008, June: Four Christian converts from Islam receive suspended jail sentences for worshipping illegally.
2008, August: About 60 people are killed in bombings in towns east of Algiers. al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb claims responsibility.
2008 November: Parliament approves constitutional changes allowing President Bouteflika to run for a third term.
2009, April: President Bouteflika wins third term at the polls.
2009, July: Nigeria, Niger and Algeria sign an agreement to build a $13bn pipeline to take Nigerian gas across the Sahara to the Mediterranean.
2010, April: Algeria, Mauritania, Mali and Niger set up joint command to tackle threat of terrorism.
2011, January: Major protests over food prices and unemployment, with two people being killed in clashes with security forces. The government orders cuts to the price of basic foodstuffs.
2011, February: President Bouteflika lifts 19-year-old state of emergency - a key demand of anti-government protesters.
2011, April: President Bouteflika sets up a committee tasked with suggesting constitutional changes aimed at "reinforcing democracy".
2011, August: Suicide attack on a military academy kills 18. A local al-Qaeda group claims responsibility.
2011, September: President Bouteflika ends state monopoly over radio and TV.
2011, October: Africa's second metro opens in Algiers.
2012, May: Parliamentary poll: Ruling National Liberation Front (FLN) and allied National Democratic Rally win another majority in parliament, with Islamists coming third, although some MPs allege fraud.
2012, September: President Bouteflika appoints water minister and key ally Abdelmalek Sellal as prime minister, ending post-election uncertainty.
2012, October: The army kills al-Qaeda's deputy leader in Algeria, Boualem Bekai, alias Khaled al-Mig, in an ambush near Tizi Ouzou in the mountainous Kabylie region.
2012, November: Security alert levels raised over planned foreign intervention against Islamists in neighboring MaliRepublic of Mali.
2012, December: French President Francois Hollande acknowledges suffering caused by France's colonization of Algeria but stops short of an apology.
2013, January: Dozens of foreign hostages are killed by Islamist al-Murabitoun group in four-day siege at remote In Amenas gas plant. Algerian special forces storm the site.(see In Amenas hostage crisis
2013, April: President Bouteflika suffers a stroke and spends three months in France being treated.
2014, April: Bouteflika wins another term as president in elections condemned by the opposition as flawed.
2014, September: Islamists behead French tourist Herve Gourdel after demanding that France end its support for the campaign against Islamic State in Iraq and Syria.
2015, June: US airstrike reported to kill Mokhtar Belmokhtar, leader of the al-Murabitoun armed Islamist group, in eastern Libya, although his supporters deny this.
2015, September: President Bouteflika sacks Mohamed Mediene, head of the top intelligence body for 25 years; Mediene was regarded as a major power behind the scenes.
2016, January: Ten of thousands attend the funeral of national independence hero Hocine Ait-Ahmed.
2016, January: President Bouteflika abolishes the top military-run DRS, which was widely regarded as a state within a state, and replaces it with a body under control of the presidency.
2016, February: Parliament passes constitutional reforms limiting presidents to two terms, expanding the legislature's power and giving the Berber language official status.
2016, June: Authorities temporarily block access to social networking sites including Facebook and Twitter in an attempt to stop cheats posting high school exam paper online.
2016, November: State media reports that President Bouteflika has undergone medical check-up in France.
2016, December: British-Algerian journalist Mohamed Tamalt dies three months into a hunger strike to protest a two-year jail term for offending President Bouteflika in a poem and video post on Facebook.
2017, April: Morocco and Algeria become embroiled in a diplomatic row over a group of Syrian refugees stranded on their common border.
2017, May: The governing coalition retains its majority in parliament following elections.
Monthly average highs and low temperatures and the average amount of precipitation for Bougtob, Algeria. Data from Climate-Data.org > Africa > Algeria > El Bayadh > Bougtob.
Month
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual
Avg. High
50.9 °
54.9 °
60.3 °
66.6 °
73.8 °
83.8 °
91.9 °
91.2 °
82.9 °
70.7 °
59.2 °
51.1 °
69.78 °
Avg. Low
34.9 °
37 °
41.2 °
45.1 °
52.9 °
61.3 °
68 °
68.2 °
60.36 °
51.6 °
42.6 °
37 °
50.01 °
Mean
42.9 °
45.95 °
50.75 °
55.85 °
63.35 °
72.55 °
79.95 °
79.7 °
71.6 °
61.15 °
50.9 °
44.05 °
59.89 °
Avg. Prec.
0.71 in
0.71 in
0.98 in
0.98 in
0.91 in
0.55 in
0.16 in
0.35 in
0.94 in
0.91 in
1.1 in
0.87 in
9.17 in
The warmest months of the year are July and August with an average maximum temperature of 91.2° Fahrenheit, while the coldest month of the year is
January with an average minimum temperature of 34.9° Fahrenheit.
Temperature variations between night and day tend to be moderate during summer with a difference that can reach 23° Fahrenheit, and small during winter
with an average difference of 18° Fahrenheit.
Rainfallis fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. The driest month of the year is July with an average rainfall of 0.16 inches, the wettest month
of the year is November with an average rainfall of 1.10 inches. The annual average precipitation at Bougtob is 9.17 inches.
Hot-summer Mediterranean climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in). [Ref]
I am still doing research on the weather history of Algeria
“Northern Algeria is within the temperate zone, and has a climate similar to other Mediterranean countries. The diversity of the topography can produce a sharp contrast in temperature. Along the coastal region, the climate is pleasant climate, with winter temperatures averaging from 50° to 54° F (10° to 12° C) and average summer temperatures ranging from 75° to 79° F (24° to 26° C). Rainfall in this region is abundant, averaging 15 to 27 in (38 to 69 cm) per year, and up to 40 in (100 cm ) in the eastern part. Oran is an exception to this treand due to a mountain barrier against rain-carrying winds. When heavy rains fall, large areas cab become flooded and then evaporate so quickly that they are of little help in cultivation.”
“Farther inland from the Mediterranean, the climate changes; winters average 39° - 43° F (4° to 6° C) , with considerable frost and occasional snow on the massifs ( section of a planet's crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures) summers average 79° to 82° F ( 26° to 28° C). In this part of the country the, prevailing winds are westerly and northerly in winter and easterly and northeasterly in summer, resulting in a general increase in precipitation from September to December and a decrease from January to August. There is little or no rainfall in the summer months.”
“In the Sahara Desert, temperatures range from 14° to 93° F ( -10° to 34° C ), with extreme highs of 120° F ( 49° C ), with daily variations of more than 80° F ( 44° C ). Winds are frequent and violent. Rainfall is irregular and unevenly distributed.”[8]
Highest and lowest temperatures recorded in #CityData.Country#. [9]
The highest temperatures recorded in Algeria was 123.3° F ( 51.3° C ) on September 2, 1979, in El Bayadh, El Bayadh Province.
The lowest temperatures recorded in Algeria was 7.2° F ( -13.8° C) on January 28, 2005, in Mécheria.
1927: Mostaganem and Oran flood, killed an estimated 2,000-3,000 people.
2001: Algiers, Bab El Oued, devastating flood, mudslide, killed an estimated 827 people.
2011, October: Torrential rains flooded parts of Algeria in early October 2011. The Associated Press reported at least 10 people had been killed, two remained missing, and hundreds of homes had been damaged or destroyed. Reuters reported that roads had been blocked and bridges had collapsed in El Bayadh Province in the northern part of the country.[9]
2001, November: Several hundred people are killed as floods hit Algiers.
2013, August 15: Less than an hour of torrential rainfall on 11th August resulted in flash flooding in the town of Bordj Badji Mokhtar (also named Burj Baji) Adrar State.
2013, October 10: Flash floods in Algeria on Wednesday 9th October 2013 resulted in the deaths of at least 7 people. Heavy rainfall led to rivers bursting their banks.
2015, March 25: Torrential Rains Destroy 400 Homes in Algeria.
2015, August 26: Three people died in the city of Constantine, northern Algeria, after torrential rain hit on Monday August 24, 2015. WMO figures say that 3.86 (98 mm) of rain fell in the city in 24 hours.
2015, October 23: The European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department (ECHO) are reporting that since 16 October, torrential rains have affected the region of Tindouf in south-western Algeria, and the five Sahrawi refugee camps located south of the city of Tindouf. No causalities have been reported.
2015, October: In the last week of October, torrential rains in the west of Algeria brought severe flooding to the normally arid Tindouf region.
